Mamluk & Ottoman Jerusalem

Under the Mamluk phenomenon (a movement of slaves and people with little control with the symbolic purpose of defending Jerusalem), Jerusalem became a center for religion. Simultaneously, Jerusalem was politically and militarily insignificant. Under Mamluk, there was many building projects that built schools, hospices, and hostels. Mamluk architecture was domed with decorative techniques (muqarnas) inside. One of the famous schools built was the Al-Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, a Qur'anic school that demonstrates the beauty of Mamluk architecture. In addition, charitable foundations were made on the Temple Mount, referred to as the Haram. Finally, during this time the Jewish Quarter continued to grow and Kabbalah (or Jewish mysticism) was developed in the absence of the physical temple.

In 1516, Jerusalem fell into the control of the Ottoman Empire. Selim I defeated the Maluks and established the "first qiblah" or direction of prayer. The Ottoman administration was known for a strong centralized government with poweful rulers. One of the most notable rulers was Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, who worked on many public works, including rebuilding walls and an extensive campaign to refurbish the Haram. In addition, Jewish refugees were encouraged to settle in Jerusalem to restore the city and its population, which began to rapidly increase. Finally, the Western Wall was given to the Jews by Suleiman as a place of prayer that soon began to attract myths regarding its origin and significance. Saladin's efforts allowed the Jews to resettle and begin to establish "Zionism".